Supra Terry Kennedy Seismic knowledge
Sunday, January 31st, 2010Earth’s structure, like eggs, can be divided into three layers. Central layer is “yolk” - the Earth’s core; the middle of the “egg white” - the mantle; outer layer of “egg shell” - the crust. Among the earthquake generally occurs in the crust. The earth never stops rotation and revolution, while inside the crust are constantly changing. The resulting force effect, so that crustal rock deformation, fracture, dislocation, so they earthquakes.
Earthquakes are the Earth’s interior dramatic breakdown of local media to generate seismic waves, which in a certain range caused by ground vibration phenomenon. Seismic (earthquake) is the rapid vibration of the Earth’s surface, also known as the earth in ancient times. It is like wind, rain, lightning, landslides, volcanic eruptions, as often happens on earth is a natural phenomenon. Vibration is the most intuitive earth quake, the most common performance. In the seabed or coastal region of strong earthquakes can cause huge waves, called tsunamis. Earthquakes are very frequent, the world’s earthquakes occur each year about 500 million times, society as a whole has a great impact.
where seismic waves originate, called source (focus). Source on the ground, the vertical projection on the grous christian louboutin boots - save up to 80% off retailbuy our replica christian louboutin boots & save 60-80% off retail. christian louboutin knockoffs and replicas. our replica designer boots ared away from the nearest point source is called the epicenter. It is to accept the vibration of the first part. The depth of the epicenter to the source is called focal depth. Usually less than 70 km focal depth of earthquakes is called shallow depth of 70-300 km at the source of an earthquake is called a depth greater than 300 km is called deep-source earthquakes. For the same size of the earthquake, due to different focal depth, are not the same, the extent of damage on the ground are not the same. The more shallow source, the greater the damage, but the contagion is also smaller and vice versa.
destructive earthquakes are generally shallow earthquakes. Such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake focal depth of 12 km.
devastating earthquake ground shaking was most intense at a very seismic area known as very often is a seismic area where the epicenter area.
a place called the epicenter and the distance from the epicenter distance. The epicenter was less than 100 kilometers away from the earthquake is called local earthquakes in the 100-1000 km and is called the earthquake near earthquake, more than 1,000 kilometers of seismic shock as well, where the farther away from the epicenter of the quake affected areas and the destruction of the smaller.
the ground vibrations caused by the earthquake is a complex movement, it is by the P-wave and S-wave interaction results. In the epicenter, the ground wave to move up and down Britain. S-wave to the ground level of shaking. As the longitudinal wave propagation speed, attenuation is also faster, slower S-wave propagation speed, attenuation is also slower, so far from the epicenter of the quake areas, often do not feel beat up and down, but can feel the level of shaking.
occur when a when a large earthquake in the period of time, often a series of earthquakes, the largest of which is called the main shock of an earthquake, an earthquake occurred before the main shock is called foreshocks, occurred after the main shock earthquakes called aftershocks.
earthquake has a certaiwholesale nike air yeezy|cheap nike air yeezy|discount nike air …we are exporters of long-standing and high reputation,trading in all kinds of chinese goods, especially foreign brand shoes and clothings,such nike spatial and temporal distribution.
from the time point of view, there is an active seismic period and quiet period alternating cyclical phenomenon.
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magnitude refers to the size, is characterized by a measure of the strength of an earthquake is based on seismograph measured the energy released each time the number of seismic activity determined. The magnitude is usually expressed by the letter M. The magnitude of China’s current standards are internationally accepted classification Richter table is divided into nine grades. Usually less than the 2.5 earthquake called the Little Earthquake ,2.5-4 .7 magnitude earthquake felt called an earthquake greater than 4.7 earthquake called the devastating earthquake. Every difference of 1.0 magnitude, the energy difference of about 30-fold; each difference of 2.0, the energy difference of about 900-fold. For example, a 6-magnitude earthquake released energy equivalent to the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima in Japan with the energy. A magnitude 7 earthquake is equivalent to 30 6 earthquake, or the equivalent of 900 5 earthquake magnitude difference of 0.1, the release of the energy of an average difference of 1.4 times.
by magnitude earthquake size can be divided into the following categories:
weak local magnitude is less than 3. If the source is not very shallow earthquakes of such magnitude it is generally difficult to detect.
felt the earthquake magnitude is equal to or greater than 3 and less than or equal to 4.5. This type of earthquake that people can feel, but it generally does not cause damage.
the earthquake magnitude greater than 4.5 and less than 6. Belong to the earthquake damage, but also undermine the severity of focal depth, epicentral distance and other factors.
earthquake magnitude is equal to or greater than 6. Magnitude of which is greater than or equal to 8 class is also known as a huge earthquake.
earthquake three elements:
earthquake moment magnitude, epicenter
seismic intensity
the same size earthquake, the damage is not necessarily the same; the same earthquake, in different places, the damage is not the same. In order to measure the extent of the damage the earthquake, scientists, and “production” another the “ruler” 11 seismic intensity. Seismic intensity in China, the table on the person’s feelings, the general level of earthquake damage houses and other phenomena were described, can be used as the fundamental basis for determining intensity. Intensity of the factors affecting the magnitude, focal depth, distance from the source, such as ground conditions and ground structure. Under normal circumstances
far as intensity and the source, the relationship between magnitude, the magnitude of the larger more shallow source, the greater the intensity. In general, an earthquake occurred,Supra Terry Kennedy, the epicenter of the destruction of the heaviest, highest intensity; the intensity known as the epicenter of the quake intensity. Extended to four weeks from the epicenter, the earthquake intensity decreases. Therefore, there is only one magnitude of an earthquake, but the damage it has caused in different regions are different. In other words, an earthquake intensity can be classified into several different areas. This is a bomb explosion, the near and distant extent of damage, like a different reason. The amount of bombs, explosives, is like a magnitude of; a bomb on the extent of the damage in different locations, like that intensity.
, for example, February 10, 1990, Changshu - Taicang a 5.1 magnitude earthquake occurred, it was said that in Suzhou, which is 4, in Wuxi is a 3, which is wrong. No matter where you are, can only say that in Changshu - Taicang a 5.1 magnitude earthquake took place, but this earthquake, the seismic intensity of Shaxi Taicang is 6 degrees, in Suzhou, an earthquake intensity of 4 degrees, in Wuxi seismic intensity is 3 degrees.
the intensity of China’s divided into 12 degrees, the different intensity of earthquakes, their impact and damage generally as follows:
less than three relieving other people without feeling that only machines can be recorded;
three degrees in the dead of night, when people have feelings;
4 ~ 5-degree sleeping person will wake up, chandelier shaking;
Six Degrees of vessels dumping, housing and minor damage,Christian Louboutin Wedges;
7 ~ 8 degrees houses were destroyed on the ground, cracks;
9 ~ 10 degree houses collapsed and severely damaged the grouchristian louboutin|christian louboutin shoes:christian louboutin …christian louboutin very prive platform pumps black lace $618.00 … christian louboutin pumps blush or champagne prive peep-toed;
11 ~ 12 degrees devastating damage;
For example, the 1976 Tangshaschristian louboutin - shoes & handbags - boutique - christian louboutin - the hook-up boutique - christian louboutin - women’s shoes & handbags boutique , earthquake, magnitude 7.6, epicenter of the quake intensity of 11 degrees; by the Tangshan earthquake of Tianjin seismic intensity of 8 degrees, the intensity of the Beijing six times, and then the way to Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan has only four to five degrees.
seismic phenomena
an earthquake occurs, the basic phenomenon is continuous ground vibrations, the main rock is obvious.
highly seismic area of people feel before a big rock, and sometimes felt up and down the first beat. This is because the seismic waves within the ground came from the ground, P-wave first arrival reasos brand shoes,supra sneakers,supra shoes,supra men shoes,new supra …alibaba.com provides brand shoes,supra sneakers,supra shoes,supra men shoes,new supra sneakers,men supra sneakers,authentic supra shoes,paypal accept,. S-wave and then have a large amplitude horizontal shaking, the main cause of the earthquake disaster. 1960 Chile earthquake, the biggest shaking lasted for 3 minutes. First, disasters caused by the earthquake destruction of homes and structures, causing livestock deaths and injuries, such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in Hebei, China, 70% ~ 80% of the buildings collapsed, and personnel casualties.
earthquakes on the landscape also has a great impact on the natural world. The main consequence is a disruption in surface and ground cracks. Earthquake surface fault often stretches tens to hundreds of kilometers, often with a more pronounced vertical and horizontal stagger stagger, can reflect the tectonic source Department features (see the thick end of a major earthquake, the San Francisco earthquake). But not all of the surface faults are directly linked with the source of the movement, they may be due to secondary effects caused by seismic waves. In particular, the surface areas of thick sediment, slope edge, often seen along river banks and roads to crack, this is often due to topographical factors,Supra Thunder shoes, in the side of the rock under the condition without relying on to make the topsoil loose and crack. Earthquake shaking so that topsoil subsidence, shallow groundwater along the way will be crushed up to the surface cracks to form a sandblast to take water phenomenon. Local terrain can change a major earthquake, or uplift, or subsidence. Crack crack urban and rural roads, rails twisted, broken bridges. In the modern city, due to rupture of underground pipes and cables were cut off caused by water, and electricity and communications disrupted. Gas, toxic gas and radioactive material leakage can lead to fire and poison, radioactive pollution of secondary disasters. In the mountains, earthquakes can cause landslides and landslides buried villages and towns often result in tragedy. Rocks of landslides blocked rivers in the upper reaches of the formation of quake lakes. 1923 when the Great Kanto Earthquake, Japan, Kanagawa Prefecture landslides, Shun down the valley, as far as 5 km.
